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讀-聽-說(R-L-S) 綜合題----做到聽讀雙贏！！！
ETS的綜合題的出題思路，是根據母語的學習思路設計的。所以試回想一下我們在語文課堂上做的事，就是老師讓你讀完一段然後總結段落大意。這裡稍微複雜一點的是，增加了聽的環節（因為是外語的緣故）。那麼這道題有兩個對策：
1）如果你的閱讀比較牛，那麼就以讀為主，聽為輔。結合閱讀預測聽力內容，進行綜合表述。這裡可以破解的一個秘密是聽力中人物的態度非正即反。所以降低了此題的難度。
2）如果你的聽力比較牛，那麼就以聽為主，讀為輔。仔細聽，記錄筆記。順帶提一句某一觀點符合閱讀裡提到的觀點。（推薦這種方法，因為對於中國考生來說普篇閱讀實力強於聽力實力）
第三題
TIPS：
1、在描述本題的過程中，一律不允許加如自己的觀點
2、考生並不是需要將聽力中的觀點一一陳述出來，因為比較困難，只需提供大概（所謂大概：談論者的主要觀點opinion及支撐他們觀點的理由reasons& example）！
3、考生要注意看問題，是讓你描述女人的觀點還是男人的觀點，還是他們的觀點。問題是問男人就回答男人的觀點，如果是女人就回答女人的觀點，如果問的是they那就回答他們觀點的differenceand similarity
題目舉例：The students express their opinions about the announcement bythe university president State their opinions an explain thereasons they give for holding their opinions.
Notice of Vote on Campus Food Service（Delta 308頁）
Students are encouraged to vote on the university’s proposal tochange the food service on campus. Students should vote for whichof two options they prefer. Option 1 would expand the maincafeteria in the Student Center, including the addition of morefood choices and more dining space; this option would also closethe two snack bars on campus. Option 2 would close the cafeteria inthe Student Center But would maintain the two snack bars, and wouldadd five food service areas across campus, including two cafes, adeli, a barbecue grill, and a fine dining room.
如何去讀文章：
1、掌握閱讀的關鍵詞和關鍵句(關鍵詞如announcement, notice,proposal etc. 常出現在標題和首句中 )
2、搞清句子句子間的邏輯關係
記筆記的技巧：
閱讀部分：
（1）首先記住閱讀文章的題目！
（2）按照邏輯思路，記錄文章關鍵點而非細枝末節（主要是名詞,）
閱讀筆記：
Notice of Vote on Campus Food Service
Option 1：expand thecafeteria close 2 snackbars
Option 2：close the cafeteria maintain 2 snack add 5 food service areas
聽對話後：
TIPS：
聽力部分：
（1）做筆記時從以下三個方面進行記錄：topic主旨、sub-points or supportingdetails分論點、signal words or transitions信號詞。(格外注意名詞及修飾名詞的核心形容詞或者動詞)(記住是男聲，還是女聲，做一個M或W的標記，主要是為接下來闡述的過程中he /she的自由轉換做好定位，也要聽問題問的的誰的觀點，否則沒有定位，考官會感到confused. 自然你的高分夢想就敬而遠之了。 之後對reading 裡的態度，是支持還是反對，因為語言都是現成的，所以只記錄一個符號，+或- 就可以了。)
1) Reason 1/ R1: ___________________
2) Reason2/ R2: ___________________
3) Reason3/ R3: ___________________ (有時沒有R3)
☆如果兩個人對話的過程中一個人只是起著承接話題的作用，沒有形成兩個人不同的觀點，基本上最後會問另外一個人的觀點及理由
☆如果兩個人在討論一個事情，觀點互相不同，或者彼此說話的份量沒有一邊倒的情況，那麼最後有可能會問「他們的觀點」
聽力筆記：
Option2
so crowd: food line place
bike racks: no place 邏輯聯繫詞：besides
eating places: convenient lesscrowding foodchoice 舉例：barbecue
Sample Answers:
In the reading material, there is a notice of vote on campus foodservice. The student are encouraged to vote on two options on thisissue. the first one is to expand thecafeteria and close the twosnack bars. The second one is to close the cafeteria, maintain thetwo snack and add five food service areas.(控制在15-20秒為好)
In the listening material, the man’s opinion about the campus foodservice is that Option2 is better for the following reasons:
First, he points out that the cafeteria is too crowded at lunchtimeso the student have to wait along in the food line. What’s more,there is always no place to sit.
Also, he says that there are no bike racks and he have no place toput his bike.
Last but not least, he believes that having more eating places ismore convenient. that is to say, it will be less crowding and thestudents will gain more food choice like barbecue.
我的模板：
模板如下：
a. 聽讀觀點一致版：TOEFL,toefl,托福,托福考試,托福學習,托福真題,托福聽力,托福詞彙,托福閱讀,托福寫作,托福報名,托福考試,托福mp3下載,美國留學,英語學習,小馬過河,馬俊: g* e2 @'u0 B5 \) S2 l
In the reading material, we learn that the college/university isconsidering _____________.
In the listening material, the man/woman agrees with (thinks ... is right)___________.One reason he/she gives is that _____________. Another reason isthat _____________. He/ She also thinks (points out/ has found)that_____________. (如果有的話) 小馬過河5 x- A- Q; L& j: L%P
Therefore, he/she likes the idea.
b. 聽讀觀點對立版：
In the reading material, the college/university is considering_____________.
In the listening material, we clearly learn that the man/womandoesn't like the idea of/that ______________ (of +V-ing. ; that +clause) One reason he/she gives is that _______________.
Another reason is that ___________________. He/She also thinks(points out/has found) that ___________. (如果有的話)
Therefore, he/she disagrees with that opinion.
第四題
NO .4 (Reading—listening--speaking): academic course topic
lecture-based, academic topic. 相對T3學術一些。關鍵是熟悉一定的背景詞彙，這樣不會因為題目的陌生而恐慌。不過考試的設計思路總是可以破解的。
TIPS：
1. 熟悉常考得的背景的academic詞彙short passage about anacademic subject: life science生命, physical science 自然科學and thehumanities人文. -------no outside knowledge is needed)
2. 閱讀文章：通常閱讀部分是一個definition或explanation.
3. 聽力文章：以閱讀材料的核心內容為起點，展開討論一些問題：擴展事例，舉反例，運用閱讀文章中的概念。由points 和examples兩個板塊構成。所以在記筆記的時候，主要記這兩點。
OG 217頁 Animal Domestication
閱讀材料：
複習閱讀記筆記的方法：
（1）首先記住閱讀文章的題目！
（2）按照邏輯思路，記錄文章關鍵點而非細枝末節（主要是名詞）
閱讀筆記如下：
Animal domestication(再次出現就用AD表示)
Agricultural work and transportation→×easily dome-ed
non-territorial（再次出現就用TERR表示）
hierarchical social structure(再次出現就用HSS表示)
聽力內容：
筆記方法和前面有點出入，聽的過程中牢記如下四點內容：
1、 topic主題
2、 major points分論點或者主要觀點
3、 examples and figures例子和數據
4、 signal words or transitions信號詞,判斷邏輯關係
聽力筆記如下：
Topic: Suitability of AD
Examples——後面的例子直接就會問到例子的具體內容！！！
Horse:
male femalesyoung fellow
lead of horse
×fight off same territory
Antelope:
√ fight territory ×horse behavior
×HSS (Hierarchical social structure)
×follow leader ×control
signal words or transitions（信號詞,判斷邏輯關係）：
for example this isway but also
Sample Answers:
In this set of materials, The reading passage introduces somethingabout the animal domestication. We know from the passage thatnon-territorial animals and the animals of hierarchical socialstructure are easy to be tamed.
In the listening passage, the professor goes on to demonstrate itby introducing two examples. first, he takes horse for example, thedominant female and young will follow the leading male and they arefollowed by other females and young.. Also, the horse won’t fightoff, even though they stay in the same territory. Second, he saysthat unlike the horses, the antelope is not easy to be tamed. Theywill fight in the same territory. Moreover, hierarchical socialstructure is not exist so they won’t follow their leaders and theyare hard to be domesticated.
模版：
第一小段落
The reading passage gives the definition of……(關鍵的抽像詞)
the reading passage describes the phenomenon / the problem/theprocess……(關鍵的抽像詞)
The reading passage introduces a conception……(關鍵的抽像詞)
第二小段落
In the listening passage, the professor gives a talk on _________.First, he brings up the fact that _________________. Furthermore hegoes on to further explain that ___________. By these means, heproves that _______________.
第五題
介紹：
這道是Problem and Solution(P&S)題。一般是關於campus-relatedsituation，兩個人討論a problem and two possible solutions. Theproblem一般是關於scheduling conflicts, unavoidable absences, unavailableresources, student elections, financial difficulties, and so forth.題目要求是「briefly describe the problem that was discussed in theconversation and to state which of the two solutions you prefer,and finally to explain why you prefer thatsolution」，其中的reason可以是材料中提到的，也可以是自己的類似經歷。聽60-90秒，準備20秒，說60秒。
解題策略：
student-related problem and solutions, 純屬日常校園口語話題。3/4轉述+1/4的個人觀點選擇，技術含量6個題目中最低。因為轉述就是照葫蘆說瓢的事；個人觀點選擇題在T2的準備過程中已經很熟。另外，要熟悉人物。人物角色通常分三種情況：S1---S2,S-P, S- O
(S代表 student, P 代表 professor, O –other staff member, 就是教務人員，包括TA ,advisor, librarian, administrator等等) 因為在作答時，需要把具體的人物提出來，比如S1-S2類型的要說，theman或male student, the woman 或female student。 其他兩個類型要具體說theprofessor…., the advisor ….等等。
熟悉了題型，人物和要講話的內容以後，接下來就是聽和記筆記的問題了。可以按照下列提綱做筆記：
Problem:
_______________________
(切記: 要註明是M/W，還是兩個人共同 （both）面對的問題, 這種情況會出現，儘管幾率較小。那麼聽力關鍵詞就是
Solution 1: _______________________
(是another male/female student, professor, 或其他人員提出的，還是兩個人一起提出的)
Solution 2: _______________________ (同Solution1)
Your preference and explanations: _____________________
TIP：
1、Problem往往不是單純的，而是複雜矛盾的，分幾個回合說完。
2、問題不用聽！每次都一樣！省下10-15秒整理筆記。考試的問題必然包括四個部分：描 述問題，列舉解決方案，說自己的選擇及原因
3、第五題整體不難，規律性很強，但是要注意的是回答部分：描述問題，列舉解決方案，說自己的選擇及原因
問題全部都是：
The students discuss two possible solutions to the woman’s problem.Describe the problem. Then state which of the two solutions youprefer and explain why.
絕對化模版：
In the conversation(In this listening material), the man has aproblem with his schedule / report / essay / roommate / course(聽得時候判斷到底是哪方面的問題)
……(一句話描述遇到的困難是什麼,一般是一句轉折句)
He couldn’t figure out what to do next / how to do sth.
The woman/professor gives him twosolutions/options（基本上是2個solution)
The first one is that……(概括，不用具體化)
Another suggestion the professor/woman gives is that……(概括，不用具體化)
To my way of thinking, I still believe the second choice is betterfor the following reasons: (自己的建議)
Firstly, this problem will not be tackled completely if the manchoose the first suggestion and the woman may confront the sameproblem in the future. Also, I have once faced the same situationas the man does. I choose to… … (加第二個建議)and I made itfinally.（這兩個理由為萬能理由，回答這個問題最好參考口語第二題但是無需舉例，如果實在想不起來再用這兩個理由）
這個時候對你來說第五題必然是滿分題，你在聽的時候只要注意標記出第一個人遇到的困難及第二個人給他的建議：
★第一個人描述困難的句型：
but / however
The problem is……
I need help with……
I'm having trouble……
I can’t figure out ……=have no idea
I wonder if…….
★建議的的判斷句型，一般是在聽力文章中出現：
You need to / could / should……
You’d better……
Try to ……
Why don’t you……
If I were you, I might…
It you……, it will……
OG222頁題：
Sample answer:
In this listening material, the woman has a problem with all herwork which contains a paper, two exams and many math problem so theman couldn’t figure out what to do.
The man gives her two solutions. The first one is that she couldtalk to some of her professors maybe she could get an extension.Another suggestion the man gives is that she should make aschedule.
To my way of thinking, I still believe the second choice is betterfor the following reasons: Firstly, this problem will not betackled completely if the man chooses the first suggestion(或者totalk to her professors) and the woman may confront the same problemin the future. Also, I have once faced the same situation as thewoman does. I choose to make myself a schedule so that I alwaysknow what to do next and I made it finally.
（劃線部分為模板）
小艾模板：
a. 兩人共同問題版：(儘管是兩個人共同面對的問題， 也是一個人唱，一個人合)
This is a discussion between two students who ____________________.The male/female student is trying to decide whether to_____________ or to ________________. One of the solutions the twostudents come up with is that ____________________. The othersolution is ___________________. I tend to agree with the second(通常你要同意的那個solution 放在第二位) solution because if he/she_______________ (用虛擬表達，were to+V. V-ed) , he /she would____________________.
And he/she would also _____________________.
b.一人問題一人方案版：
The discussion is between_______________ and __________________.The (male/female) student is telling his/her friend (professor,advisor etc.) about ______________. His/Her friend (professor,advisor etc.) suggests he/ she ________________(此空也為虛擬表達必須用動詞原形)
He/She (提出方案人的人稱, 就是friend ，professor, advisor之類的) also tells her/him (問題人的人稱，通常與提出方案人的性別是相反的，所以he 與her 相對， She 與him 相對。這裡不要混淆。)she/he should _________________.
第六題（學術類題目）
介紹：
完全不帶個人觀點的100%的轉述。通常此題被業內人士認為是最難的。T4也是學術段子，但至少還有閱讀輔助，可以進行預測。這道題是Summary題型。形式是聽一段學術方面（life science,social science, physical science, and thehumanities）的lecture，問題一般是「explain the main concept or issue of thelecture, using points and examples that were given in thelecture」。聽60-90秒，準備20秒，說60秒。
本題特點：
1、這個題目非常講究條理，基本上，先會總結下要講的內容（也就是中心句），然後分為幾個層次講，做筆記的時候要注意層次清楚。
2、講座可以關於程序，概念，理論，觀點或現象。如果講座關於一個程序，教授可以通過描述他的一些功能來結實這個程序。如果講座是關於一個理論，教授可能通過描述他的運用來解釋這個理論。如果是描述一個現象，講座可以通過結實他的原因和結果來描述這個現象。
3、考生無須重複講座中所有的信息，但是考生需要提供主幹信息保證沒有聽過講座的人也能夠知道講座在講什麼大概內容！！
破題方法：
首先，弄清教授的講話思路---- 就是美國人的論證思維模式, 即topic- point - detail-example的總分模式，topic分成幾個points 來說， 幾個details 構成大並列來闡述一個point,幾個examples又構成小並列說明一個detail, 這樣像洋蔥式的層層剖開。其實，不管題型有多麼千變萬化，也不管內容又多麼撲索迷離，ETS的口語出題思路都是這樣的。因為這就是美國人的思維方式，不像我們，喜歡把最重要的放在最後。甚至為了設置懸念，還有「欲知後事如何，且聽下回分解」的評書式表達法。
其次，熟悉講話內容。 通常分以下三種類型：
1.現象---例子型(phenomenon---examples) 即：提出現象---例子闡述
2.過程---功能型 (process- functions) 即：描述過程---解釋功能
3.理論---應用型 (theory- applications) 即：介紹理論---論述應用
但是有的lecture 不這麼規則化, 會把三種情況綜合到一起。因此，該題也沒有固定的模板，
OG224頁例題：
Sample answer:
In this listening material, the professor talks about somethingabout America’s history. To begin with, He says that many yearsago, there was a little difference between people in differentplaces. That is because of the lack of communication. What’s more,he mentioned that it is automobile and radio that changed thissituation. One the one hand, the automobiles is available graduallyso that Americans in small town and rural communities can travel tobig cities easily. For example, people in small towns began toadopt something popular in big cities. On the other hand, the radioownership is increasing. In this way, people can listen to the samepopular radio program and they use the same phrases and speechpattern which was learned in the radio program. At the same time,they share the same news report of the country.
OG224頁
Sample answer:
In this listening material, the professor talks about somethingabout money. To begin with, he says that money is something whichyou can use to make purchases. What’s more, he mentioned that coinsand bills are only one form of money. People exchange goods andservices for coins and bills and obtain another goods and services.For example, the taxi driver uses the five dollars he earns to buysome vegetables from the farmer. At last, he discusses that coinsand bills are not the only form of money. Some societies use thebarter system. For example, the drive can give a ride to the farmerto get the vegetables directly.
基本模版：
In the lecture, the professor discusses/argues/demonstrates……
To begin with, he says that+問題討論的背景
What’s more, he mentioned that+討論主題
Finally, he discusses that
模版類的東西：
In the lecture, the professor talksabout/discusses/argues/demonstrates/explain
如果文章中討論的是一個現象，那麼：
This phenomenon is caused by _______.
And this phenomenon will have an effect on the followingthings.
如果文中討論的是一個概念或定義，那麼：
This concept/definition falls into the following ___categories.
The professor also provided the following examples to illustratethis concept of _____.
The first example is _____;
The second example is _______.
如果文章中討論的是一個理論，那麼：
The theory came about(產生) because _______.
And the theory can be applied to the followingsituations.（任何的理論都是應用於實踐）
ETS的綜合題的出題思路，是根據母語的學習思路設計的。所以試回想一下我們在語文課堂上做的事，就是老師讓你讀完一段然後總結段落大意。這裡稍微複雜一點的是，增加了聽的環節（因為是外語的緣故）。那麼這道題有兩個對策：
1）如果你的閱讀比較牛，那麼就以讀為主，聽為輔。結合閱讀預測聽力內容，進行綜合表述。這裡可以破解的一個秘密是聽力中人物的態度非正即反。所以降低了此題的難度。
2）如果你的聽力比較牛，那麼就以聽為主，讀為輔。仔細聽，記錄筆記。順帶提一句某一觀點符合閱讀裡提到的觀點。（推薦這種方法，因為對於中國考生來說普篇閱讀實力強於聽力實力）
第三題
TIPS：
1、在描述本題的過程中，一律不允許加如自己的觀點
2、考生並不是需要將聽力中的觀點一一陳述出來，因為比較困難，只需提供大概（所謂大概：談論者的主要觀點opinion及支撐他們觀點的理由reasons& example）！
3、考生要注意看問題，是讓你描述女人的觀點還是男人的觀點，還是他們的觀點。問題是問男人就回答男人的觀點，如果是女人就回答女人的觀點，如果問的是they那就回答他們觀點的differenceand similarity
題目舉例：The students express their opinions about the announcement bythe university president State their opinions an explain thereasons they give for holding their opinions.
Notice of Vote on Campus Food Service（Delta 308頁）
Students are encouraged to vote on the university’s proposal tochange the food service on campus. Students should vote for whichof two options they prefer. Option 1 would expand the maincafeteria in the Student Center, including the addition of morefood choices and more dining space; this option would also closethe two snack bars on campus. Option 2 would close the cafeteria inthe Student Center But would maintain the two snack bars, and wouldadd five food service areas across campus, including two cafes, adeli, a barbecue grill, and a fine dining room.
如何去讀文章：
1、掌握閱讀的關鍵詞和關鍵句(關鍵詞如announcement, notice,proposal etc. 常出現在標題和首句中 )
2、搞清句子句子間的邏輯關係
記筆記的技巧：
閱讀部分：
（1）首先記住閱讀文章的題目！
（2）按照邏輯思路，記錄文章關鍵點而非細枝末節（主要是名詞,）
閱讀筆記：
Notice of Vote on Campus Food Service
Option 1：expand thecafeteria close 2 snackbars
Option 2：close the cafeteria maintain 2 snack add 5 food service areas
聽對話後：
TIPS：
聽力部分：
（1）做筆記時從以下三個方面進行記錄：topic主旨、sub-points or supportingdetails分論點、signal words or transitions信號詞。(格外注意名詞及修飾名詞的核心形容詞或者動詞)(記住是男聲，還是女聲，做一個M或W的標記，主要是為接下來闡述的過程中he /she的自由轉換做好定位，也要聽問題問的的誰的觀點，否則沒有定位，考官會感到confused. 自然你的高分夢想就敬而遠之了。 之後對reading 裡的態度，是支持還是反對，因為語言都是現成的，所以只記錄一個符號，+或- 就可以了。)
1) Reason 1/ R1: ___________________
2) Reason2/ R2: ___________________
3) Reason3/ R3: ___________________ (有時沒有R3)
☆如果兩個人對話的過程中一個人只是起著承接話題的作用，沒有形成兩個人不同的觀點，基本上最後會問另外一個人的觀點及理由
☆如果兩個人在討論一個事情，觀點互相不同，或者彼此說話的份量沒有一邊倒的情況，那麼最後有可能會問「他們的觀點」
聽力筆記：
Option2
so crowd: food line place
bike racks: no place 邏輯聯繫詞：besides
eating places: convenient lesscrowding foodchoice 舉例：barbecue
Sample Answers:
In the reading material, there is a notice of vote on campus foodservice. The student are encouraged to vote on two options on thisissue. the first one is to expand thecafeteria and close the twosnack bars. The second one is to close the cafeteria, maintain thetwo snack and add five food service areas.(控制在15-20秒為好)
In the listening material, the man’s opinion about the campus foodservice is that Option2 is better for the following reasons:
First, he points out that the cafeteria is too crowded at lunchtimeso the student have to wait along in the food line. What’s more,there is always no place to sit.
Also, he says that there are no bike racks and he have no place toput his bike.
Last but not least, he believes that having more eating places ismore convenient. that is to say, it will be less crowding and thestudents will gain more food choice like barbecue.
我的模板：
模板如下：
a. 聽讀觀點一致版：TOEFL,toefl,托福,托福考試,托福學習,托福真題,托福聽力,托福詞彙,托福閱讀,托福寫作,托福報名,托福考試,托福mp3下載,美國留學,英語學習,小馬過河,馬俊: g* e2 @'u0 B5 \) S2 l
In the reading material, we learn that the college/university isconsidering _____________.
In the listening material, the man/woman agrees with (thinks ... is right)___________.One reason he/she gives is that _____________. Another reason isthat _____________. He/ She also thinks (points out/ has found)that_____________. (如果有的話) 小馬過河5 x- A- Q; L& j: L%P
Therefore, he/she likes the idea.
b. 聽讀觀點對立版：
In the reading material, the college/university is considering_____________.
In the listening material, we clearly learn that the man/womandoesn't like the idea of/that ______________ (of +V-ing. ; that +clause) One reason he/she gives is that _______________.
Another reason is that ___________________. He/She also thinks(points out/has found) that ___________. (如果有的話)
Therefore, he/she disagrees with that opinion.
第四題
NO .4 (Reading—listening--speaking): academic course topic
lecture-based, academic topic. 相對T3學術一些。關鍵是熟悉一定的背景詞彙，這樣不會因為題目的陌生而恐慌。不過考試的設計思路總是可以破解的。
TIPS：
1. 熟悉常考得的背景的academic詞彙short passage about anacademic subject: life science生命, physical science 自然科學and thehumanities人文. -------no outside knowledge is needed)
2. 閱讀文章：通常閱讀部分是一個definition或explanation.
3. 聽力文章：以閱讀材料的核心內容為起點，展開討論一些問題：擴展事例，舉反例，運用閱讀文章中的概念。由points 和examples兩個板塊構成。所以在記筆記的時候，主要記這兩點。
OG 217頁 Animal Domestication
閱讀材料：
複習閱讀記筆記的方法：
（1）首先記住閱讀文章的題目！
（2）按照邏輯思路，記錄文章關鍵點而非細枝末節（主要是名詞）
閱讀筆記如下：
Animal domestication(再次出現就用AD表示)
Agricultural work and transportation→×easily dome-ed
non-territorial（再次出現就用TERR表示）
hierarchical social structure(再次出現就用HSS表示)
聽力內容：
筆記方法和前面有點出入，聽的過程中牢記如下四點內容：
1、 topic主題
2、 major points分論點或者主要觀點
3、 examples and figures例子和數據
4、 signal words or transitions信號詞,判斷邏輯關係
聽力筆記如下：
Topic: Suitability of AD
Examples——後面的例子直接就會問到例子的具體內容！！！
Horse:
male femalesyoung fellow
lead of horse
×fight off same territory
Antelope:
√ fight territory ×horse behavior
×HSS (Hierarchical social structure)
×follow leader ×control
signal words or transitions（信號詞,判斷邏輯關係）：
for example this isway but also
Sample Answers:
In this set of materials, The reading passage introduces somethingabout the animal domestication. We know from the passage thatnon-territorial animals and the animals of hierarchical socialstructure are easy to be tamed.
In the listening passage, the professor goes on to demonstrate itby introducing two examples. first, he takes horse for example, thedominant female and young will follow the leading male and they arefollowed by other females and young.. Also, the horse won’t fightoff, even though they stay in the same territory. Second, he saysthat unlike the horses, the antelope is not easy to be tamed. Theywill fight in the same territory. Moreover, hierarchical socialstructure is not exist so they won’t follow their leaders and theyare hard to be domesticated.
模版：
第一小段落
The reading passage gives the definition of……(關鍵的抽像詞)
the reading passage describes the phenomenon / the problem/theprocess……(關鍵的抽像詞)
The reading passage introduces a conception……(關鍵的抽像詞)
第二小段落
In the listening passage, the professor gives a talk on _________.First, he brings up the fact that _________________. Furthermore hegoes on to further explain that ___________. By these means, heproves that _______________.
第五題
介紹：
這道是Problem and Solution(P&S)題。一般是關於campus-relatedsituation，兩個人討論a problem and two possible solutions. Theproblem一般是關於scheduling conflicts, unavoidable absences, unavailableresources, student elections, financial difficulties, and so forth.題目要求是「briefly describe the problem that was discussed in theconversation and to state which of the two solutions you prefer,and finally to explain why you prefer thatsolution」，其中的reason可以是材料中提到的，也可以是自己的類似經歷。聽60-90秒，準備20秒，說60秒。
解題策略：
student-related problem and solutions, 純屬日常校園口語話題。3/4轉述+1/4的個人觀點選擇，技術含量6個題目中最低。因為轉述就是照葫蘆說瓢的事；個人觀點選擇題在T2的準備過程中已經很熟。另外，要熟悉人物。人物角色通常分三種情況：S1---S2,S-P, S- O
(S代表 student, P 代表 professor, O –other staff member, 就是教務人員，包括TA ,advisor, librarian, administrator等等) 因為在作答時，需要把具體的人物提出來，比如S1-S2類型的要說，theman或male student, the woman 或female student。 其他兩個類型要具體說theprofessor…., the advisor ….等等。
熟悉了題型，人物和要講話的內容以後，接下來就是聽和記筆記的問題了。可以按照下列提綱做筆記：
Problem:
_______________________
(切記: 要註明是M/W，還是兩個人共同 （both）面對的問題, 這種情況會出現，儘管幾率較小。那麼聽力關鍵詞就是
Solution 1: _______________________
(是another male/female student, professor, 或其他人員提出的，還是兩個人一起提出的)
Solution 2: _______________________ (同Solution1)
Your preference and explanations: _____________________
TIP：
1、Problem往往不是單純的，而是複雜矛盾的，分幾個回合說完。
2、問題不用聽！每次都一樣！省下10-15秒整理筆記。考試的問題必然包括四個部分：描 述問題，列舉解決方案，說自己的選擇及原因
3、第五題整體不難，規律性很強，但是要注意的是回答部分：描述問題，列舉解決方案，說自己的選擇及原因
問題全部都是：
The students discuss two possible solutions to the woman’s problem.Describe the problem. Then state which of the two solutions youprefer and explain why.
絕對化模版：
In the conversation(In this listening material), the man has aproblem with his schedule / report / essay / roommate / course(聽得時候判斷到底是哪方面的問題)
……(一句話描述遇到的困難是什麼,一般是一句轉折句)
He couldn’t figure out what to do next / how to do sth.
The woman/professor gives him twosolutions/options（基本上是2個solution)
The first one is that……(概括，不用具體化)
Another suggestion the professor/woman gives is that……(概括，不用具體化)
To my way of thinking, I still believe the second choice is betterfor the following reasons: (自己的建議)
Firstly, this problem will not be tackled completely if the manchoose the first suggestion and the woman may confront the sameproblem in the future. Also, I have once faced the same situationas the man does. I choose to… … (加第二個建議)and I made itfinally.（這兩個理由為萬能理由，回答這個問題最好參考口語第二題但是無需舉例，如果實在想不起來再用這兩個理由）
這個時候對你來說第五題必然是滿分題，你在聽的時候只要注意標記出第一個人遇到的困難及第二個人給他的建議：
★第一個人描述困難的句型：
but / however
The problem is……
I need help with……
I'm having trouble……
I can’t figure out ……=have no idea
I wonder if…….
★建議的的判斷句型，一般是在聽力文章中出現：
You need to / could / should……
You’d better……
Try to ……
Why don’t you……
If I were you, I might…
It you……, it will……
OG222頁題：
Sample answer:
In this listening material, the woman has a problem with all herwork which contains a paper, two exams and many math problem so theman couldn’t figure out what to do.
The man gives her two solutions. The first one is that she couldtalk to some of her professors maybe she could get an extension.Another suggestion the man gives is that she should make aschedule.
To my way of thinking, I still believe the second choice is betterfor the following reasons: Firstly, this problem will not betackled completely if the man chooses the first suggestion(或者totalk to her professors) and the woman may confront the same problemin the future. Also, I have once faced the same situation as thewoman does. I choose to make myself a schedule so that I alwaysknow what to do next and I made it finally.
（劃線部分為模板）
小艾模板：
a. 兩人共同問題版：(儘管是兩個人共同面對的問題， 也是一個人唱，一個人合)
This is a discussion between two students who ____________________.The male/female student is trying to decide whether to_____________ or to ________________. One of the solutions the twostudents come up with is that ____________________. The othersolution is ___________________. I tend to agree with the second(通常你要同意的那個solution 放在第二位) solution because if he/she_______________ (用虛擬表達，were to+V. V-ed) , he /she would____________________.
And he/she would also _____________________.
b.一人問題一人方案版：
The discussion is between_______________ and __________________.The (male/female) student is telling his/her friend (professor,advisor etc.) about ______________. His/Her friend (professor,advisor etc.) suggests he/ she ________________(此空也為虛擬表達必須用動詞原形)
He/She (提出方案人的人稱, 就是friend ，professor, advisor之類的) also tells her/him (問題人的人稱，通常與提出方案人的性別是相反的，所以he 與her 相對， She 與him 相對。這裡不要混淆。)she/he should _________________.
第六題（學術類題目）
介紹：
完全不帶個人觀點的100%的轉述。通常此題被業內人士認為是最難的。T4也是學術段子，但至少還有閱讀輔助，可以進行預測。這道題是Summary題型。形式是聽一段學術方面（life science,social science, physical science, and thehumanities）的lecture，問題一般是「explain the main concept or issue of thelecture, using points and examples that were given in thelecture」。聽60-90秒，準備20秒，說60秒。
本題特點：
1、這個題目非常講究條理，基本上，先會總結下要講的內容（也就是中心句），然後分為幾個層次講，做筆記的時候要注意層次清楚。
2、講座可以關於程序，概念，理論，觀點或現象。如果講座關於一個程序，教授可以通過描述他的一些功能來結實這個程序。如果講座是關於一個理論，教授可能通過描述他的運用來解釋這個理論。如果是描述一個現象，講座可以通過結實他的原因和結果來描述這個現象。
3、考生無須重複講座中所有的信息，但是考生需要提供主幹信息保證沒有聽過講座的人也能夠知道講座在講什麼大概內容！！
破題方法：
首先，弄清教授的講話思路---- 就是美國人的論證思維模式, 即topic- point - detail-example的總分模式，topic分成幾個points 來說， 幾個details 構成大並列來闡述一個point,幾個examples又構成小並列說明一個detail, 這樣像洋蔥式的層層剖開。其實，不管題型有多麼千變萬化，也不管內容又多麼撲索迷離，ETS的口語出題思路都是這樣的。因為這就是美國人的思維方式，不像我們，喜歡把最重要的放在最後。甚至為了設置懸念，還有「欲知後事如何，且聽下回分解」的評書式表達法。
其次，熟悉講話內容。 通常分以下三種類型：
1.現象---例子型(phenomenon---examples) 即：提出現象---例子闡述
2.過程---功能型 (process- functions) 即：描述過程---解釋功能
3.理論---應用型 (theory- applications) 即：介紹理論---論述應用
但是有的lecture 不這麼規則化, 會把三種情況綜合到一起。因此，該題也沒有固定的模板，
OG224頁例題：
Sample answer:
In this listening material, the professor talks about somethingabout America’s history. To begin with, He says that many yearsago, there was a little difference between people in differentplaces. That is because of the lack of communication. What’s more,he mentioned that it is automobile and radio that changed thissituation. One the one hand, the automobiles is available graduallyso that Americans in small town and rural communities can travel tobig cities easily. For example, people in small towns began toadopt something popular in big cities. On the other hand, the radioownership is increasing. In this way, people can listen to the samepopular radio program and they use the same phrases and speechpattern which was learned in the radio program. At the same time,they share the same news report of the country.
OG224頁
Sample answer:
In this listening material, the professor talks about somethingabout money. To begin with, he says that money is something whichyou can use to make purchases. What’s more, he mentioned that coinsand bills are only one form of money. People exchange goods andservices for coins and bills and obtain another goods and services.For example, the taxi driver uses the five dollars he earns to buysome vegetables from the farmer. At last, he discusses that coinsand bills are not the only form of money. Some societies use thebarter system. For example, the drive can give a ride to the farmerto get the vegetables directly.
基本模版：
In the lecture, the professor discusses/argues/demonstrates……
To begin with, he says that+問題討論的背景
What’s more, he mentioned that+討論主題
Finally, he discusses that
模版類的東西：
In the lecture, the professor talksabout/discusses/argues/demonstrates/explain
如果文章中討論的是一個現象，那麼：
This phenomenon is caused by _______.
And this phenomenon will have an effect on the followingthings.
如果文中討論的是一個概念或定義，那麼：
This concept/definition falls into the following ___categories.
The professor also provided the following examples to illustratethis concept of _____.
The first example is _____;
The second example is _______.
如果文章中討論的是一個理論，那麼：
The theory came about(產生) because _______.
And the theory can be applied to the followingsituations.（任何的理論都是應用於實踐）
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